Freud's Theory of Defense Mechanism

Psychoanalytic egotism psychology is distinguished by the priority that it assigns to the egos forethought of instinct-derivatives. Ego psychology had its foundations in Freuds writings of the 1920s, but outset became a distinctive approach to psychoanalysis in the 1930s. In Inhibitions, Symptoms, and Anxiety, Freud (1926a) listed ten manners by which the ego defends itself against dangerous thoughts: regression, reaction-formation, isolation, undoing, repression, introjection or identification, projection, turning against the self, reversal, and sublimation or displacement of instinctual aims. To this list of defenses, Anna Freud (1966) added identification with the assaulter (pp. 116-120). The list has since continued to grow.

For Freud, das Ich, ?the I, ? was a metaphor that intend the part of the mind with which a person consciously identifies. In a loose sense, it was Freuds way of discussing the self. More technically, however, he delimit the ego as the part of the mind that performs rational thinking, the part of thought that he considered a ?secondary process.? Freuds (1923a, 1940b) concept of the ego did not include the defense mechanisms that Anna Freud (1966) attributed to it.



Freud (1926a) explained:Symptom-formation?has two assets: one, hidden from view, brings virtually the alteration in the id in virtue of which the ego is distant from danger; the other, presented openly, shows what has been created in place of the instinctual process that has been affected-namely, the substitutive formation. It would, however, be much correct to ascribe to the defensive process what we have vertical said about symptom-formation and to use the latter term as synonymous with substitute-formation. (p. 145)In this formulation, defense consists of (1) unconscious stimulus barriers, such as repression, that enlarge the dynamic unconscious repressed and so excerpt the ego from danger, and (2) the substitution of a fantasy for the repressed that manifests the...

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